American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date.
When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your writing. Below is a general citation for this television episode:.
However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. Knopf, , pp. The location of an online work should include a URL. Wheelis, Mark. Accessed 8 Feb. When citing a physical object that you experienced firsthand, identify the place of location.
Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. Perennial-Harper, The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before Thoreau, Henry David.
Boston, When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time. Bernstein, Mark. Accessed 4 May As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.
Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks. Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number s :. If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number s. If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.
In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using and underline or italicize the title , as each version varies in its translation, followed by book do not italicize or underline , chapter, and verse.
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.
Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation. Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name e. After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch.
Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source. Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Pleadingly Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink. Avidly Thanks. He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.
With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource , some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page.
Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:. Herzog, Werner, dir. Klaus Kinski. New to MLA 9th edition, there are now steps to take for citing works by an author or authors using a pseudonym, stage-name, or different name.
If the person you wish to cite is well-known, cite the better-known form of the name of the author. Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer. Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations. Author's Last Name states, "Direct Quote" or paraphrase page number.
This is an MLA citation in prose as the author's name is in the prose of your sentence. If your in-text citation comes from a website or another source that does not have page numbers, use the following abbreviations:. Gregor's sister is quite persuasive, especially when she states to her parents, "It'll be the death of both of you, I can see it coming. We can't all work as hard as we have to and then come home to be tortured like this, we can't endure it" Kafka, ch.
The girl's affection towards Marley is clear when she blushes upon his arrival and shares that she would like to accompany him to the theater Tales of Times Ago The smaller the class size, the more attention a student receives, which greatly impacts learning Malcolm and Knowles Many lizards, including the Carolina anole, only eat when they're hungry.
They'll ignore food until their body sends a signal to eat Smith et al. One study shows that the average time spent on homework is 52 minutes R. Brown However, a more recent study, released in , found that the average student spends 42 minutes completing homework S. The basic entry for a book consists of the author's name, the book title, the publisher, and the year published.
The first author's name should be reversed, with a comma after the last name and a period after the first name or any middle name. The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears on the title page. Campbell, Megan, et al. The Best Noun Book. Books For Us, The full title of the book, including any subtitles, should be italicized and followed by a period.
If the book has a subtitle, the main title should be followed by a colon unless the main title ends with a question mark or exclamation point. Publication information can generally be found on the title page of a book. If it is not available there, it may also be found on the copyright page. State the name of the publisher. If you are citing a specific page range from the book, include the page s at the end of the citation. If you have to cite a specific edition of a book later than the first, see the section below on citing edited books.
If the translation is the focus of your project, include the translator's name at the beginning of the citation, like this:. Translator's Last name, First name, translator. If it's not the actual translation that is the focus, but the text itself, include the translator's name in the "other contributors" position, like this:.
Original Author's Last name, First name. Translated by First Name Last name. Publisher, Year published. E-books are formatted differently than print books. Some e-books have different, or extra, information than print books.
In addition, e-book pages are often numbered differently. Since the content and format may differ from print books, e-book citations are structured differently. When citing an e-book from a website, format the e-book citation with the website title and URL. Title of E-Book. Publisher, Year Published. Title of Website , URL. Rodgers, Tara. Duke UP, Title of E-book. E-Book ed. E-book ed. Format for an e-book found on an e-reader with a file format included: Author's Last name, First name.
File Format. Individual chapters are cited when a writer uses a book filled with many chapters, each written by different authors. When citing a specific chapter in a book or an anthology, structure the citation like this:.
Last name, First name of Chapter's Author. Levi-Strauss, Claude. If your book is not a first edition, you should note this in the citation. If the book is a revised edition or an edition that includes substantial new content, include the number, name, or year of the edition and the abbreviation "ed.
Author's Last name, First name, editor. Title of Book. Numbered ed. Ferraro, Gary, and Susan Andreatta, editors. Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. If your edited book has more than one author, refer to the directions above under the heading "Authors.
Also, BibMe. Try our MLA formatter! Wondering how to cite a website in MLA? Fosslien, Liz, and Mollie West. The first author's name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name or any middle name.
The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears on the website. For a page with two or more authors, list them in the order they appear on the website. Only the first author's name should be reversed, with the others written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma, and place the word "and" before the last author's name. For pages with three or more authors, only include the first author, followed by the abbreviation "et al.
The page title should be placed within quotation marks. Place a period after the page title within the quotation marks. The page title is followed by the name of the website, which is italicized, followed by a comma. After the website title, include the sponsoring institution or publisher followed by a comma.
If the name of the publisher is the same as the name as the website, do not include the publisher information in your citation. In MLA format, it is not recommended to include duplicate information for a website. Next, state the publication date of the page. In some cases, a specific date might not be available, and the date published may only be specific to a month or even a year.
Provide whatever date information is available. End the citation with the URL. End the entire citation with a period. Looking for an MLA formatter to create your website citations quickly and easily?
Our MLA format website creates your citations in just a few clicks. The most basic entry for a journal consists of the author name s , article title, journal name, volume number, issue number, year published, page numbers, name of website or database where the article was found, and URL or Direct Object Identifier DOI. Snyder, Vivian. Do not capitalize seasons. Most online journal articles have two containers. The first is the journal that the article is in, and the second is the website or database the journal is in.
The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears in the journal. For an article written by two authors, list them in the order they appear in the journal. Only the first author's name should be reversed, while the second is written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma, and place the word "and" before the second author's name. For articles with three or more authors, include the name of the first author in the citation, followed by a comma and the abbreviation "et al.
The article title should be placed within quotation marks. Place a period after the article title within the quotation marks, unless the article title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark. The article title is followed by the name of the journal, which is italicized. Include the volume number of the journal, but use the abbreviation "vol. Use the abbreviation "no. Jones, Robert, et al. Database Life , www. The DOI is comprised of symbols, numbers, and letters.
In print or PDF form, the first place to check is the front page of the article. If it is an online article, look for the DOI near the top of the article, at the very end of the article, or wherever citation information is located.
Here are a few examples:.
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